Rape Culture It Is Believable Or Not - 1537 Words

Maggie Brown Mrs.Gallos English 3 24 April 17 Rape Culture Whether it is believable or not, rape culture exists in our everyday life, our society, our schools, our colleges, in our country, and anywhere on Earth. It is a problem that has always been around, but it just was not given a name. Rape culture is defined as, â€Å"A society or environment whose prevailing social attitudes have the effect of normalizing or trivializing sexual assault and abuse.† (â€Å"Rape) An example of how this would play out in our society, for those who do not believe that it exists, would be if a male got raped and no one believed him because men can not be raped, or if a young male comes forward and people tell him, â€Å"You should be happy you scored while you’re so†¦show more content†¦Another thing that is an example of rape culture is when you tell little kids that when someone is chasing them, picking on them, or being mean to them it is because they like them. Parents teach little boys that when a girl says no, she means yes, and when the girl runs away, society tells them that it means to chase after her. It is the little habits like these that stick with a child for the rest of their lives. Parents teach little girls to cross their legs and ankles so little boys can not see up their skirt. Sure, it does not seem like that big of a deal, but wait until that child grows up with those beliefs. While the child grows up believing the mentioned beliefs, they still go by those. Women are taught not to go out at night, and to always have pepper spray and a buddy with them. Men are taught that no means no and yes means yes. Women are taught that a woman’s place is in the kitchen , having babies, and to please their man. The children grow up with this mindset from watching their parents who were taught the same thing, and then they go off to college. In college, there is a lot of drinking and partying, which is someone s choice to go to. While it is someone’s choice to go to a party and get drunk, it is not someone’s choice to be raped. When a person is drunk, they can not consent.Show MoreRelatedThe Rape Of Sexual Violence1642 Words   |  7 Pagesnot a rape if it happens after drinking or taking drugs†: these quotes about rape are few to the numerous myths that circulate society today. 1 out of every 6 American women has been sexually assaulted, yet this statistic is only from victims who come forward (Victims of Sexual Violence: Statistics†). The problem in America today is the â€Å"Rape Culture† in which we live. A Rape Culture is defined as a â€Å"rape prevalent society in which sexual violence is normalized and excused through pop culture and media†Read MoreAnalysis of Setting and Characterization in Greasy Lake Written by T. Coraghessan Boyle866 Words   |  4 PagesIn his short story â€Å"Greasy Lake,† the lake with the community teenagers create a stereotypical scene of current youth pop culture. Many youth who read this story can find the ironic references and similarities with their lifestyle in today’s world. T. Coraghessan Boyle uses the setting of the story to expose a world lacking self-discipline and showing immorality amongst a community youth, which can sometimes be rather common today. This also aids in creating an atmosphere that surrounds suspenseRead MoreThe Kite Runner Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesKite Runner (TKR) including Loyalty, Culture, Gender and Ethnicity and Atonement. Hosseini has expressed these through the combination of style, structure, characterisation, themes and setting. Due to the context of The Kite Runner, culture is an important idea presented because it has major significance in Afghanistan life and the characters are shaped by it. The majority of the novel is set in Afghanistan which is a country with a very strong culture. The culture of this novel is caused by the settingRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement1620 Words   |  7 PagesTime Inc. reports that â€Å"as the attitude towards victims has improved over the last several years in the broader culture and by police, self-blame and shame has persisted among victims, leaving them just as unwilling to come forward.†(Gray. para. 10) The women’s rights movement is still going strong, and there have been major accomplishments for women within the last several decades. In 1968, the fair housing act made it no longer possible for a woman to be turned down by a landlord based solelyRead MoreProper Schooling, Marriage And Voting Rights1425 Words   |  6 Pageseyes of those outside the modern/ Colonized world (UK, Canada, US) â€Å"Some 87 percent of women are illiterate.† (Faisal, Safa), (in 3rd world countries), CBS is a valued news source with very little bias, especially within the article where clear, believable statistics and facts are given. Although no author or source is given, this news outlet is typically reliable. The source is given more credibility by Trustlaw (center for legal assistance and hub for news and information on anti-corruption issuesRead MoreThe Film The Mask You Live1432 Words   |  6 Pagespressured to suppress his emotions. (Kindlon) During the film, there were many pictures and videos shown of tragic events that have occurred in the past, such as the 2012 Aurora shooting and Sandy Hook shooting. Some of the videos included news about rape incidents, including Brock Stanford, who raped an unconscious woman. Viewers can think effectively using their emotion and critical thinking that all these tragedies mentioned could be traced back to the man whose mind wasn t in the right positionRead MoreVampires And Zombies : Monsters1658 Words   |  7 Pageszombies also started in chaotic situations. Zombies appeared in 1960s, when wars and other tragedies affected cultural consciousness. The grim realization that people are not as safe and secure as they might have once thought made American popular culture to think about the fear of possible terrorist attacks (Bishop 17). Then zombie movies were used to present unnatural death (Bishop 17). Additionally, although both vampires and zombies are raised form graves, zombies s eem more likely to really existRead MoreA New Dimension Of Crime1752 Words   |  8 PagesNew Year’s Eve in Cologne, Germany, women were robbed and assaulted near a train station by a â€Å"crowd of about 1,000 men.† Hundreds of complaints were filed for the harassment, many of which dealt with robbery and the assaultment, though two cases of rape arose (Chokshi). The attackers, all of whom were young males, would â€Å"tightly surround women in groups of 30 or 40, before groping them and mugging them,† some even daring to throw firecrackers through the crowds (Tensions). These men were describedRead MoreRole of Poetry in Narrative Prose of the Heian Period Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesJapanese literature in the Heian period was most popular for its domination of women’s culture (Hooker, Richard). During this time, a new writing technique was implemented called hiragana. This was especially accepted as a woman’s way of writing since a woman k nowing Chinese characters was considered unladylike. For many years Chinese characters was the only accepted way of writing, thus the birth of a new writing technique was like a revelation. This incorporation made a huge impact on JapaneseRead MoreHow Do The Works Of Pierre Choderlos De Laclos?1694 Words   |  7 PagesPfeiffer). Our secondary characters, Uma Thurman and Keanu Reeves are a perfect balance of manipulation yet, innocence still lingers. With a wonderfully crafted, adapted screenplay, what s not to love? This novel is fiction but oh so relatable and believable. The ideology is accurate. It is a modified work, based off a French novel, Les liaisons dangereuses, 1789. The film is an adapted screenplay and the plot of the story is character driven. I was enthralled by this film and along with this adaptation

Essay on Leadership and Management - 1347 Words

The terms leadership and management are often used interchangeably. While some writers argue that there is a clear distinction between leadership and management, others argue that leadership is simply a function of management. Which view do you feel is the most relevant in the context of your industry and why? According to Ricketts (2009) in today’s world effective leadership and management is essential in order to archive success. Terms of leadership and management are being seen as synonyms and often used interchangeably. Some writers such as Zeleznik, Kotter think that there is no close relationship between leadership and management, while others persuade us that leadership is simply one of the characteristic of the manager. This†¦show more content†¦According to Drucker (2006, as cited by Mullins 2007) management is about making people capable of working toward a common goal. He states that management is the fundamental part of organisation. As it is with leadership management had many interpretations. Zeleznik believes (1989, as cited by McCrimmon 2006) managers are task orientated, cold, lacking of empathy. Furthermore, Armstrong (2008) says that management is to achieve goals using all available resources such as people, money, information, knowledge etc. On the oth er hand Mullins (2007) tries to answer the question whether managers are born or made. According to him neither is an answer, it is rather combination of both, he explains that even though there are certain innate characteristics of good manager they must be encourage, developed and trained. One of the key characteristic of the manager is that they are to ensure that the job gets done. They are also responsible for planning, introducing new policies, resolving problem. Airline and airport industry is very changeable, where profits are marginal and losses are common. Management must act quickly implicating new policies, change the companies aims, within this industry it can be matter be or not to be for companies. So how does one distinguish between leadership and management? Although these terms are frequently used interchangeably andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Leadership vs. Management1274 Words   |  6 Pages This essay will focus on the meaning of leadership and management, also which view is the most relevant to the Tourism Industry. In order to answer those question, it is necessary define the two terms providing evidences and arguments from different authors about the characteristics, roles, similarities and difference. In conclusion after looking all the different points of view, the importance of each view will be evaluated in the context of Airline and Airport Industry. The leadership and managementRead MoreManagement And Leadership Essay1113 Words   |  5 PagesManagement and Leadership Some might argue that there is not much difference between management and leadership. While a good manager can also be a good leader and visa versa, this does not always hold true. A leader is someone who people naturally follow through their own choice, whereas a manager must be obeyed. A manager may only have obtained his position of authority through time and loyalty given to the company, not as a result of his leadership qualities. A leader may have no organizationalRead More Management and Leadership Essay695 Words   |  3 Pages Leadership and Management are two notions that are often used interchangeably. However, these words actually describe two different concepts. For this paper, I am going to try to discuss these differences and explain why both terms are thought to be similar. Leadership is just one of the many assets a successful manager must possess. Care must be taken in distinguishing between the two concepts. The main aim of a manager is to maximize the output of the organization through administrative implementationRead MoreManagement And Leadership Essay1057 Words   |  5 PagesManagement and Leadership Paper The difference of management and leadership is a question that is being discussed more and more in todays corporate environment. Different views and roles in a business, both share a common bond in the corporate structure. The key distinction between is the way they impact the corporate structure. Persons in a leadership role, set strategic goals for the company; while management implements these goals and aids them to fruition. Strategic goals are definedRead MoreManagement and Leadership Essay1392 Words   |  6 PagesManagement and Leadership As a Naval Officer I had the opportunity to experience both leadership and management. Todays Navy operates with fewer people and resources than before. Therefore, leadership and management are more important than ever. Very early in my career I was taught leadership and as I advanced through the ranks I experienced management. There are numerous distinctions between management and leadership. Good managers are sometimes leaders; good leaders are sometimesRead MoreEssay on Management vs. Leadership 1301 Words   |  6 PagesManagement and Leadership are two concept that are often used interchangeably; however, they actually describe two different concepts. The power available to managers tends to arise from their position, whereas for leaders it often comes from within (Naylor, 2004). Capowski supports this theory suggesting that the contrasts between management and leadership are that one stems from the head and the other the heart (Capowski, 1994). However these roles differ, it remains that both have â€Å"the potentialRead MoreEssay on Management and Leadership1219 Words   |  5 Pagesstrong leaders and managers that develop, support and encourage employee longevity within a company. There is a significant difference between leadership and management however both skills have to be used collec tively and both are important to a profitable organization. Leadership is a notion of communicating an organization’s vision, whereas management is more of the implementation of the organization’s vision. The manager typically carries out the responsibilities written by the organizationRead More Management and Leadership Essays1070 Words   |  5 PagesManagement and Leadership Management and leadership are two words that are considered synonymous but describe two different concepts. According to the dictionary, management is the act, manner, or practice of managing; handling, supervision, or control; leadership is the capacity or ability to lead. In many organizations, management is a job description; leadership is a positive trait. The purpose of this paper is to distinguish between the two, to look at the responsibilities that come withRead MoreManagement And Leadership Essay1431 Words   |  6 PagesManagement and Leadership Paper Being a leader is not necessarily being a manager and being a manager is not always being a leader. Being able to distinguish the differences between a leader and manager is not always simple. Todays demanding business unquestionably adds to the level of difficulty in determining, who is what. This paper will be illustrating the differences that separate a leader from a manager and vise versa. This paper will also review the duties and roles of a leader and whatRead MoreManagement and Leadership Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesManagement and Leadership Leadership is the process by which a person influences others to accomplish a goal, and directs an organization in a manner that makes it more unified and logical. A noted by Maxwell (1991), â€Å"True leadership cannot be awarded, appointed, or assigned. It comes only from influence, and that can’t be mandated. It must be earned† (p.14). Leadership can also be described as a dynamic, relational process involving interactions among leaders, members, and outside

Rhetorical Devices Used in Queen Elizabeths Speech

Through her speech, Queen Elizabeth inspired her people to fight for the country of England against the Spaniards. Queen Elizabeth persuaded the English troops to defend their country with rhetoric devices such as diction, imagery, and sentence structure to raise their morale and gain loyalty as a woman in power. Queen Elizabeth skillfully used diction throughout her speech to motivate the troops. In the speech, Queen Elizabeth used the word â€Å"we† four times to underscore her feeling of unity between her and her country. She conveyed her care about the welfare of everyone in the country. This inspired the soldiers to remain patriotic and want to fight for their nation. In addition, the queen refered to the soldiers as â€Å"noble† and†¦show more content†¦The whole phrase justified that she is, in fact, a strong leader, both politically and militaristically regardless of her being a woman. This phrase would help the queen gain respect from the soldiers who may not have respected her high position before because of her gender. In the same sentence, Queen Elizabeth uses a hyperbole to describe how much she cared for her country of England. She said, â€Å"I myself will take up arms†. She, of course, had no intent to physically engage in the war along wit h the troops, but she was trying to depict the image of herself to the soldiers saying that she was willing to do anything for the sake of England. This convinced the troops that they should do the same. The queen’s excellent use of imagery instilled respect for herself from the troops and inspired them to go to war. Queen Elizabeth expertly used sentence structure to instill confidence in the troops to fight the Spaniards and gain trust. In the speech, the queen used parallel structure to compare herself to a king, or man in power. She said that she has the body of a weak and feeble woman, but a strong heart of a king. The usage of parallel structure brought to light that even though she may not be physically able, she still cared about the well being of her people just as a king would. She conveyed the message that the people’s respect towards her should be no different than that directed towards a king. In addition, Queen ElizabethShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between Winston Churchill And Queen Elizabeths Speech914 Words   |  4 PagesQueen Elizabeth and Winston Churchill are both famously known in history but also for their speeches given. Queen Elizabeth was taxed with the task of rallying British commoners, many of them untrained farmers, to battle the Spanish Armada as they closed in on the coast of England in 1588. In 1940, three days into his new appointment as Prime Minister, Winston Churchill faced the daunting task of unifying the country during Britain’s involvement in World War II. Both figures had different audiencesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Sonnets : The Greatest Of All Love Poems1465 Words   |  6 Pagesin the late 1500s and early 1600s, during the beginning of Renaissance and in a period known as the Elizabethan Age. The ascension of Queen Elizabeth to the throne in 1558 and her spiritual influence after a century of Protestant Reformation created great religious upheaval in the English society. Religion became an important part of society due to Queen Elizabeth’s mandatory Church of England attendance regulations. Catholicism was not a crime, however, it was illegal to hold or attend a mass. ToRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1760 Words   |  8 Pagesfascistic use of charm, Oberon’s abili ty to use incantations to unsettle Theseus’ early wish for perfect harmony (1.1.11-15) and control wild forces such as nature, other fairies and mankind, foregrounds the play’s action. Modeled after the power of speech-acts (utterances considered as actions, particularly in terms of its intention, purpose or effect), the theatrical use of charm I propose here predominantly resides in the vocal chords of a dictator (Oberon); that is, it can control, decisively affect

Individualism in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter...

Individualism in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Often in society people are criticized, punished and despised for their individual choices and flaws. In the novel, The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, the author uses Hester Prynne to symbolize that those who challenge social conformities can benefit society as a whole. Though she has been banished for committing adultery, she sees that the community needs her. Through her generous accomplishments the community realizes she is a person who, regardless of her sin, can affect the community in a positive way. The new Puritan society wanted to punish Hester Prynne horribly so that she would set an example of the consequences the others would receive if they committed a†¦show more content†¦This closed mindedness could only see hatred for Hester Prynne and the need to identify her with the letter A. This way everyone would look at her rather than one another. The society was still not satisfied with this punishment and chose to pass their negativity on to their offspring. Thus the young and pure would be taught to look at her, with the scarlet letter flaming on her breastÂ…as the figure, the body, the reality of sin (83). The mothers of the children in the community would point her out and tell their children not to be like her. They would use her as an example of the consequences of being an individual and going against societys rules. Children too young to comprehend wherefore this women so be shut out from the sphere of human charitiesÂ… coming forth along the pathway that lead town ward; and, discerning the scarlet letter on her breast, would scamper off with a strange, contagious fear (85). The fact that the community went to so much trouble to never let her forget what she had done, and the fact that she accepts societies condemnation, says she does not run away from her problems. As much as the community tries to totally ost racize her from everything, both physically and mentally she still sticks with it and that shows how she willingly accepts the consequences of her past decisions. Hester is forced to live apart from the townspeople, but society begins to learnShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Graves Professor Connie Caskey English 251: American Literature I 8 February 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among usRead MoreSins inThe Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pagesworst, yet some trait whereby the worst may be inferred† (Hawthorne). As this sentence is read in the The Scarlet Letter, the reader will realize that the main theme of the book is the sentence above. Throughout the book, secret sin damages the lives, soul, and the integrity of the main characters. However, it could have easily been evaded through open confession of their sins. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s purpose in writing this novel is an attempt to influence the re ader to openly confess their sins and neverRead MoreNathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlett Letter Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pagescreator. Through the portrayal of The Scarlet Letter’s Pearl, Nathaniel Hawthorne argues for the importance of individuality, the supremacy of nature over civilization, and the wisdom of children. Together, these transcendentalist principles function together to make Pearl a fitting representation of Hawthorne’s themes and ideologies. Pearl’s individuality, symbolized in dress and epitomized by behavior, opposes Puritan conformity and thus supports Hawthorne’s transcendentalist ideals. One ofRead MoreA Romantic View Of Hester Prynne Essay1316 Words   |  6 PagesCollegio Ms. Slevin and Mr. Arthur Final Draft A Romantic View of Hester Prynne Individualism, emotion and the purity and simplicity of nature are at the foundation of American Romanticism. Essays such as Thoreau’s Walden and Emerson’s â€Å"Self-Reliance† call on humans to look inward and avoid conformity in order to find meaning and purpose in life. Nathaniel Hawthorne is also sympathetic to these ideals, but in The Scarlet Letter, he conveys them in the format of a novel where one of his main charactersRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1389 Words   |  6 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne’s fictional work, The Scarlet Letter, is significantly influenced by his experience with transcendental beliefs and values. Transcendentalists believe they are at their best when they are self-reliant and independent. His wife, Sophia Peabody, practiced transcendentalism, but he spent a year living and working at Brook Farm in Massachusetts, which was a transcendental community. Influenced by Sophia’s interest in the transce ndentalist movement, Hawthorne invested money in an experimentalRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter864 Words   |  4 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, he thoroughly exposes the social depths of the Puritan society. As a Romanticist, his values and ideals go in line with nature and individualism, which is lucidly seen by the way he writes of the so called pious who contradict this and rather emphasize conformity. To further depict the hypocrisy within the Puritan community, the use of rhetorical devices is evident as Hawthorne utilized the character of Pearl to epitomize the beauty of yielding societalRead MoreRomanticism s Impact On America Essay1374 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween the years 1800 and 1860, left a significant impact on not only the literature of that time, but the literature of today as well. Prior to romantic writings, the world focused on society and logic. Romanticism allowed people to start valuing individualism and to appeal to emotional responses. This new way of thinking brought new literary styles, themes, and genres that were never explored before and are still found today. The literature of Romanticism allowed people to escape the harshness of realityRead MoreRomanticism s Impact On America Essay1376 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween the years 1800 and 1860, left a significant impact on not only the literature of that time, but the literature of today as well. Prior to romantic writings, the world focused on society and logic. Romanticism allowed people to start valuing individualism and to appeal to emotional responses. This new way of thinking brought new literary styles, themes, and genres that were never explored before and are still found today. The literature of Romanticism allowed people to escape the harshness of realityRead MoreWhat Is the Moral of the Scarlet Letter Essay1116 Words   |  5 Pages The scarlet letter is a text written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 a fictional work which tells about the history of England during the puritan age and the story of women named Hester Prynne. The author feels this text as a romantic work because the text includes about love and the adulteress. The text involves facts and fiction of the author such as the â€Å"Custom-House is a fact and real, while the author was working as a surveyor in the Salem custom house inRead MoreThe New American Literature : The Period Of Romanticism Essay1265 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween the years 1800 and 1860, left a significant impact on not only the literature of that time, but the literature of today as well. Prior to romantic writings, the world focused on society and logic. Romanticism allowed people to start valuing individualism and to appeal to emotional responses. This new way of thinking brought new literary styles, themes, and genres that were never explored before and are still found today. The literature of Romanticism allowed people to escape th e harshness of reality

Listen to the Music Free Essays

18. Listen to the music, partner: Delivering an ultimatum to a business associate. You’re a marketing manager for Stanton, one of the premier suppliers of DJ equipment (turntables, amplifiers, speakers, mixers, and related accessories). We will write a custom essay sample on Listen to the Music or any similar topic only for you Order Now Your company’s latest creation, the FinalScratch system, has been flying off retailers’ shelves. Both professional and amateur DJs love the way that FinalScratch gives them the feel of working with vinyl records by letting them control digital music files from any analog turntable or CD player while giving them access to the endless possibilities of digital music technology. For more information about the product, go to www. stantondj. com. ) Sales are strong everywhere except in Music99 stores, a retail chain in the Mid-Atlantic region. You suspect the cause: The owners of this chain refused to let their salespeople attend the free product training you offered when FinalScratch was introduced, claiming their people were smart enough to train themselves. To explore the situation, you head out from Stanton headquarters in Hollywood, Florida, on an undercover shopping mission. After visiting a few Music99 locations, you’re appalled by what you see. The salespeople in these stores clearly don’t understand the FinalScratch concept, so they either give potential customers bad information about it or steer them to products from your competitors. No wonder sales are so bad at this chain. Your task: You’re tempted to pull your products out of this chain immediately, but you know how difficult and expensive it is to recruit new retailers in this market. However, this situation can’t go on; you’re losing thousands of dollars of potential business every week. Write a letter to Jackson Fletcher, the CEO of Music99 (14014 Preston Pike, Dover, DE 19901), expressing your disappointment in what you observed and explaining that the Music99 sales staff will need to agree to attend product training or else your company’s management team will consider terminating the business relationship. You’ve met Mr. Fletcher in person once and talked to him on the phone several times, and you know him well enough to know that he will not be pleased by this ultimatum. Music99 does a good job selling other Stanton products—and he’ll probably be furious to learn that you were â€Å"spying† on his sales staff. 43 How to cite Listen to the Music, Essay examples

Environmental Assessment A Case of Bhp Billiton and ok Tedi Mine

Question: Discuss about theEnvironmental Assessment for a Case of Bhp Billiton and ok Tedi Mine. Answer: Introduction Environmental protection has been a big challenge from many mining companies. The need to balance between economic gains from mineral mining and to protect the environment is often a delicate balance. BHP Billiton and Ok Tedi are some of the global giants in mining with interest in various minerals. Over the years, BHP Billiton has consistently published its audited environmental impact performance reports. This paper looks at 2008 and 2015 environmental performance reports and evaluates the major environment assessment issues mentioned in the two reports. In so doing, it will assess through justification whether there has been any changes on the main environmental issues over this period of time. The paper will also look at the Ok Tedi mine, and the impact it has had on the environment. Discussion Major Environmental Issues on the 2008 Sustainability Report The 2008 environmental sustainability report explores a number of environmental issues. The companys focus has been striving to meet the demand for minerals while aware of its responsibility of environmental protection. In line with its mission statement and Zero Harm policy on environment, BHP Billiton often runs internal programs that seeks to set emission targets, track progress, and improve performance (BHP, 2015). The report highlights major areas of environmental concerns as; climate change and energy, water, waste, and biodiversity and land. Climate Change and Energy The company is cognizant of climate change risks associated with greenhouse gas effects and has taken necessary actions to mitigate this concern. Such steps include innovation and advancement in technological process, as well as behavioral change. Climate change is a global challenge that requires concerted efforts from governments, companies, and other stake holders. BHP Billiton has a 5 year target which seeks to reduce greenhouse emissions by 6 per cent per unit production. In the 2008 financial year report, the company noted an increase in carbon-based energy emissions by one per cent. In this period the company also experienced a five per cent intensity increase in greenhouse gas emissions for the companys global sites. This was attributed to the switching of fuels for generators in its Chile pant (BHP, 2008). Water and Waste The company uses water largely for mining, refining, smelting, and in other petroleum processes. BHP Billiton has set targets to improve on the use of recycled water while reducing the usage of high quality water. The company had a four year aggregate target to improve by 10 percent the ratio of recycled to high quality water used. The companys mining operations produces large quantities of mineral wastes which pose a great environmental hazard. During this reporting period, the company produced about 215 million tones of mineral waste and a further 192, 000 tones in hazardous non-mineral waste. This is about 7 per cent more compared to the previous year (BHP, 2008). Environmental Incidents Another major concern that the company reported in this report is environmental incidents. While there were no major environmental incidents reported, the company recorded 40 incidents with capacity to cause serious environmental harm. These incidents were cases involving chemical spills, tank failures, high rainfall cases, and uncontrolled discharge of sediments from tanks due to broken pipelines. There was however a mitigation action plan and the company were able to take prompt action to avert danger (BHP, 2008). Major Environmental Issues on the 2015 Sustainability Report The 2015 environmental sustainability report addresses a number of environmental issues while seeking to improve on targets set in previous reports. Like the previous reports, the 2015 environmental sustainability reports places emphasizes waste management, climate change, water, and environmental risks and safety. Climate Change Climate change being one of the areas of concern, the company has taken mitigation measures to reduce climate change. Being a major energy producer and consumer, BHP Billiton has prioritized energy efficiency systems and greenhouse gas emission reduction measures. In the 2015 sustainability report, the companys total greenhouse gas emission levels were 38.3 million tons of Co2e which the company still considers high although it represents a reduction of six per cent from the previous years emissions (BHP, 2015). Health Hazards The 2015 sustainability report considers the safety of the people as one of the key areas of environmental concerns. The company underpins this fact noting that the safety, health and wellbeing of its people is central to the organization. To this far, BHP Billiton strives to provide an environment that is conducive and free from injury and occupational illness (Lodhia and Martin, 2014). Despite this goal, the company recorded tragic incidents of employees in this period. Four of this cases occurred during on-site excavation activities while one occurred off-site. The company also recorded incidence of exposure to airborne contaminants and carcinogens although this represented a 40 per cent decrease from the previous years (BHP, 2015). In this period, the report records 4.93 million hours worked incidence of employee occupational illness which a sharp increase of 74 per cent recorded the previous reporting period. Due to the nature of activities at the company, cases of musculoskeletal injuries are a major concern. Musculoskeletal injuries are a result of heavy physical work, fixed work postures, manual handling, twisting, bending, vibration, lifting, and sedentary work. The report lists musculoskeletal injuries as forming the bulk of incidence reported with 139 cases recorded (BHP, 2015). Has There Been a Change in Emphasis on the Main Environmental Issues over this Time? Over this 5-year period, BHP Billiton has constantly sought to lay more emphasis on these fundamental issues. This is evident from the specific set targets on various aspects of environment concern, and the auditing process to check whether the targets were achieved. To emphasize the importance with which the company regards this environmental concern, the company developed transparent and reward processes and practices designed to measure performance based on facts. The company also trained employees especially with regard to health and safety. On climate change, BHP Billiton has been on the forefront in championing for a cleaner and safer environment. To underscore this fact, the company apart from being a member of Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition, signed the Putting a Price on Carbon statement according to Taylor, and Hoyle (2014). Through innovative solutions in its processes, BHP Billiton has managed to achieve reductions in greenhouse gas emissions as evident in the 2015 sustainability report. Improvements were made in the extraction and utilization capabilities of gas drainage systems without which the company attributes could have resulted an additional 190, 000 tons of Co2e in the 2015 report. BHP Billiton processes to further reduce carbon emissions are a continuous process with the company banking on its Fuel Quality Network which seeks to let people understand the benefits of improved quality fuel (BHP, 2015). On environmental degradation the company has put more emphasis and steps to avoid degradation and protect the environment in line with its charter values. Among other steps according to Altenburg, Crocket, and Pearson, (2016) are the companys resolved not to extract minerals within word heritage boundaries. The company has also resolved not to explore where there is imminent risk to the ecosystem. This has led to over 60,000 hectares of land being conserved BHP, 2015). Discuss Whether Genuine Improvement in Environmental Outcomes has Occurred in this Time frame. BHP Billiton has made tremendous steps and improvement with regard to its environmental protection policy from where it was five years ago. Guided by its strategic plan and Zero Harm policy, the company has been frequently measuring its performance against its set targets. Among the areas that the company set to improve were on environmental degradation, water, waste management, people safety and global warming (BHP, 2008). In the 2008 sustainability report, the company had set a five year target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 6 per cent per unit of product. By 2015, the company had managed to achieve greenhouse gas emissions lower than the 2008 baselines and six percent lower than the previous year (BHP, 2015). BHP Billiton has been a significant player in the campaign for clean energy. Through partnership with various stakeholders, the company has used its experience and technical capacity to assist in the development of in equitable and effective climate change policies. Within the same period, the company also made significant progress in its quest to improve on the safety of its people. This is seen from the development of a company safety intervention strategy that seeks to further reduce case of fatalities and injuries (BHP, 2015). In the 2008 sustainability report, the company had a target to increase the use of recycle water while reducing on the use of high quality water. With an aggregated target of 10 per cent of recycled water to high quality water by 2012, the company had managed to achieve 85 per cent use of water from lower quality sources (Walker, 2015). These statistics are a clear indication that the company met its target with regard to environmental protection. Ok Tedi Mine Environmental Analysis The impact of the Ok Tedi copper mine on the environment cannot be well documented although many reports according to Hettler and Lehmann, (1997) seem to indicate that the negative impact outweighs the benefits. Hettler and Lehman, (1997) point out that the Ok Tedi mine caused devastating environmental harm along Fly River and Ok Tedi River between 1984 and 2003. Kirsch, (1996) considers the Ok Tedi mine disaster to be the worst environmental harm that has disrupted the lives of about 50,0000 people as a result of discharge of untreated waste from the mine. Many locals according to Kirsch, (1996) believe the environmental hazards caused by the mine has so far outweighed the benefits received from the mine In 1999, a statement by BHP indicated that the company annually discharged 90 million tons of waste into the nearby stream, consequentially endangering fisheries, and agriculture ( Kirsch, 2007). These reports are supported by scientific research which have shown that the sediments and discharge from the mine have completely change the surrounding, leading to severe loss of aquatic life (Smith and Hortle, 1991). According to this study, mineral and non-mineral wastes were deposited over a stretch of 39 square miles. Reports according to study, estimate an area of 1,200 square miles to have been affected by the mine. Townsend, (2016) observes that it is often difficult to balance between economic and social gains associated with mining. For a country grappling with economic pressure in the 90s, the mine was a much reprieve to the government contributing 19 per cent and 11 per cent of total exports and GPD respectively. Word Bank paper No. 384, according to Marychurch and Stoianoff, (2006) provides that one of the success factors in the mining sector is for the government and private sector to support social and community projects. Both acknowledge that the Ok Tedi mine provided several social and community projects such as education, training programs, health, and infrastructure development. As a result of the Ok Tedi community funding, significant progress was made in health sector where infant mortality rates dropped Gilberthorpe Banks, 2012). Records according to Garrett, (2014) indicate that the Ok Tedi mine directly employed about 1900 people with majority from the Western Province and a further indirect employed approximated to be four times more. Several business around the area depended on Ok Tedi as a source of market for their products and services. Garrett, (2014) notes that the mining company is largely credited for the shift of the local economy from subsistence to cash based While the local community and the government benefited from the Ok Tedi mine, majority feel the mine has had many hazardous effects. This view is supported by several studies and reports which has documented the devastating effects of the mine. The sediments and waste discharged from the mine spanning over 10 years changed the local ecosystem thus affecting aquatic life (OBrien, 2015). It is with these reasons and others that many feel the Ok Tedi is a project which should have never been. Reference Lists Altenburg, K., Crocket, G. and Pearson, M., 2016. Broken hill, the national heritage list, and the management of heritage values.Historic Environment,28(1), p.98. Armstrong, R., Baillie, C. and Cumming-Potvin, W., 2014. Mining and Communities: Understanding the Context of Engineering Practice. Synthesis Lectures on Engineers, Technology, and Society, 8(1), pp.1-148 Brueckner, M., Durey, A., Mayes, R. and Pforr, C., 2013. The mining boom and Western Australias changing landscape: Towards sustainability or business as usual?. Rural Society, 22(2), pp.111-124. BHP (2008)Taking the long view Sustainability Report 2015. Available at: https://www.bhpbilliton.com/~/media/bhp/documents/investors/annual-reports/2015/bhpbillitonsustainabilityreport2015_interactive.pdf (Accessed: 30 September 2016). Blazey, P. and Perkiss, S., 2016. The empowerment of Papua New Huinea's tribespeople: Overcoming the challenges of foreign investment projects. Australasian Journal of Regional Studies, The, 22(2), p.206. Garrett, J. (2014)Assets of Ok Tedi mine come under community control. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-02-10/an-png-ok-tedi-assets-handover/5250694 (Accessed: 30 September 2016). 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